{
 "meta": {
  "built": "2026-08-18",
  "source": "Indian Kanoon API (doctypes: supremecourt + scorders)",
  "raw_docs": 596,
  "assigned_docs": 205
 },
 "cases": [
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "case_number": "W.P.(C) 295/2012",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL (continuing mandamus)",
   "status": "pending",
   "filed_year": 2012,
   "themes": [
    "post-crash care",
    "enforcement",
    "institutions",
    "victim compensation",
    "pedestrian safety"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "The master road-safety PIL, filed by orthopaedic surgeon Dr. S. Rajaseekaran. Created the SC Committee on Road Safety (22 Apr 2014), forced state road-safety policies and lead agencies (30 Nov 2017), produced the Jan 2024 hit-and-run compensation directions, and is now driving vehicle-tracking and speed-governor enforcement.",
   "latest_development": "13 May 2026: Bench of Pardiwala & Viswanathan JJ (amicus Gaurav Agrawal) took up IAs on Vehicle Location Tracking Devices and emergency buttons in public service vehicles (Rule 125H CMVR), speed governors, the National Road Safety Board, and a challenge to UP legislation abating MV Act prosecutions.",
   "orders": [
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     "date": "2014-02-18",
     "tid": 8131814,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/8131814/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-02-19",
     "tid": 178424286,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/178424286/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-04-22",
     "tid": 169219343,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/169219343/",
     "gist": "Constituted the Supreme Court Committee on Road Safety (Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan) with directions to states on implementation reporting.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-11-17",
     "tid": 74320813,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/74320813/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-03-27",
     "tid": 149880182,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/149880182/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-04-10",
     "tid": 16471811,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/16471811/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2015-04-24",
     "tid": 2515905,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/2515905/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-12-04",
     "tid": 44878725,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/44878725/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2016-05-11",
     "tid": 134451769,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134451769/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-07-12",
     "tid": 174946885,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/174946885/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2016-08-16",
     "tid": 29236788,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/29236788/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "tid": 14207171,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/14207171/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2016-09-19",
     "tid": 47252166,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/47252166/",
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "tid": 64497982,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/64497982/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-11-07",
     "tid": 34460871,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/34460871/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-12-02",
     "tid": 9915296,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/9915296/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2017-11-30",
     "tid": 180830072,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/180830072/",
     "gist": "Wide-ranging directions: every state to have a road safety policy, council, lead agency, road safety fund, action plan, engineering review of designs, trauma-care measures and protocols.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-02-22",
     "tid": 159891262,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/159891262/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-04-16",
     "tid": 42382043,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/42382043/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-04-23",
     "tid": 119987068,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/119987068/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-07-12",
     "tid": 21218154,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/21218154/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-07-20",
     "tid": 191750470,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/191750470/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-08-13",
     "tid": 168786456,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/168786456/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-08-28",
     "tid": 10601304,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/10601304/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2018-08-31",
     "tid": 35636267,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/35636267/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2018-09-18",
     "tid": 189094201,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/189094201/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2018-11-01",
     "tid": 106514472,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/106514472/",
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2018-12-06",
     "tid": 174531875,
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "tid": 70145502,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/70145502/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2019-02-27",
     "tid": 51970561,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/51970561/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
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     "date": "2019-04-25",
     "tid": 179947871,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/179947871/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
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     "date": "2020-01-14",
     "tid": 160528280,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/160528280/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2021-01-29",
     "tid": 143484261,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/143484261/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2022-12-02",
     "tid": 65916794,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/65916794/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-01-06",
     "tid": 149845028,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/149845028/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-02-06",
     "tid": 196116063,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/196116063/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2023-04-06",
     "tid": 195965384,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/195965384/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2023-07-28",
     "tid": 168127295,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/168127295/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2023-08-07",
     "tid": 153305713,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/153305713/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2023-08-14",
     "tid": 180642509,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/180642509/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "tid": 71539166,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/71539166/",
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "tid": 4713150,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/4713150/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2023-10-16",
     "tid": 183645782,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/183645782/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2023-10-19",
     "tid": 71808378,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/71808378/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-12-08",
     "tid": 150398944,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/150398944/",
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     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2024-01-12",
     "tid": 4654780,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/4654780/",
     "gist": "Directions on the hit-and-run compensation scheme under S.161 MV Act — awareness drives, police obligation to inform victims, GIC reporting and monitoring of claims.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-01-25",
     "tid": 18716033,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/18716033/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-03-04",
     "tid": 170501789,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/170501789/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-03-11",
     "tid": 109532829,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/109532829/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-04-08",
     "tid": 197747522,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/197747522/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-07-11",
     "tid": 23348921,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/23348921/",
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     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-08-20",
     "tid": 57723012,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/57723012/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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    {
     "date": "2024-08-27",
     "tid": 183999447,
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2024-09-02",
     "tid": 96161513,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/96161513/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2024-09-20",
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2024-09-27",
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/150546963/",
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     "significance": "routine"
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     "tid": 198369518,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/198369518/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
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     "date": "2025-01-20",
     "tid": 54903959,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/54903959/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
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     "date": "2025-01-31",
     "tid": 171747156,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/171747156/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-02-04",
     "tid": 176891713,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/176891713/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
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     "date": "2025-03-03",
     "tid": 3390821,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/3390821/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
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     "tid": 94481694,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/94481694/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "date": "2025-03-24",
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     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/114594163/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
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     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/47185209/",
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     "significance": "routine"
    },
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     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/8839694/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-04-09",
     "tid": 46084955,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/46084955/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-04-17",
     "tid": 197125754,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/197125754/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-04-28",
     "tid": 18278958,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/18278958/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-09",
     "tid": 95539054,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/95539054/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-13",
     "tid": 177752786,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/177752786/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-14",
     "tid": 166094161,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/166094161/",
     "gist": "Pedestrian-safety order (Oka & Bhuyan JJ) on IA 50798/2025: footpaths in proper condition — accessible to persons with disabilities and free of encroachments — held part of Article 21, following Olga Tellis; nationwide pedestrian-infrastructure norms taken up. Same order: a final six months to constitute the National Road Safety Board under S.215B.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-20",
     "tid": 81151622,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/81151622/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
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     "tid": 32448834,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/32448834/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-08-12",
     "tid": 153158873,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/153158873/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-10-07",
     "tid": 166337863,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/166337863/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-11-17",
     "tid": 154143592,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/154143592/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-11-20",
     "tid": 77841409,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/77841409/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
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     "tid": 83583462,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/83583462/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-04-09",
     "tid": 167385995,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/167385995/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-05-13",
     "tid": 74316463,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/74316463/",
     "gist": "Examined VLTD/emergency-button enforcement in public service vehicles, speed-limiting devices, National Road Safety Board functioning, and UP's abatement of MV Act prosecutions.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 89,
   "first_order": "2014-02-18",
   "latest_order": "2026-05-13"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "case_number": "SMW(C) 9/2025",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Suo motu writ",
   "status": "pending",
   "filed_year": 2025,
   "themes": [
    "road engineering",
    "highways",
    "institutions"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Registered suo motu after twin crashes killed 34 people in Nov 2025 — 15 near Phalodi (Rajasthan, Bharatmala expressway) and 19 near Chevella (Telangana). Now the most active systemic matter: Article 142 interim directions to MoRTH, NHAI and all states on expressway safety, blackspots and illegal roadside obstructions. NH carry ~2% of road length but ~30% of fatalities.",
   "latest_development": "On 17 August 2026, the Court adjourned the matter and directed respondents who have not yet filed affidavits to do so before the next hearing.",
   "next_listing": "1 September 2026 (per order of 2026-08-17)",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2025-11-10",
     "tid": 161778033,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/161778033/",
     "gist": "Suo motu cognizance of the Phalodi (Rajasthan) and Chevella (Telangana) crashes of 2–3 Nov 2025; notice to Rajasthan and central highway authorities.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-04-13",
     "tid": 78882038,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/",
     "gist": "Reportable Article 142 interim directions (a)–(m): national expressway-safety policy framework, blackspot and illegal-obstruction removal, joint agency liability, MoRTH compliance report in 75 days, Sapre Committee recommendations to be placed before the Court.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-07-13",
     "tid": 121987210,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/121987210/",
     "gist": "In this suo motu matter arising from the Phalodi accident, the Court noted that only three States/UTs (Bihar, Karnataka, Puducherry) had filed compliance affidavits to its detailed 13 April 2026 road-safety directions, and directed that its orders be re-circulated to all concerned authorities, warning that defaulting States' Chief Secretaries and DGPs would be summoned to appear personally if affidavits are not filed within two weeks.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-08-17",
     "tid": 169925262,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/169925262/",
     "gist": "A two-line record of proceedings: the Court listed the matter again for 1 September 2026 and directed that respondents who have not filed their affidavits shall file them in the meantime. No summons to Chief Secretaries or DGPs was issued, the step the Court had warned of on 13 July 2026.",
     "significance": "routine"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 4,
   "first_order": "2025-11-10",
   "latest_order": "2026-08-17"
  },
  {
   "id": "savelife-good-samaritan-235-2012",
   "title": "SaveLIFE Foundation v. Union of India (Good Samaritan)",
   "case_number": "W.P.(C) 235/2012",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2012,
   "themes": [
    "post-crash care",
    "good samaritan"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "The Good Samaritan case: 30 Mar 2016 judgment gave MoRTH's 2015 Good Samaritan guidelines the force of law, protecting bystanders who help crash victims — later codified as S.134A MV Act.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed 30 Mar 2016; guidelines later codified as S.134A MV Act (2019 amendment).",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2014-01-31",
     "tid": 8817651,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/8817651/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-02-18",
     "tid": 66032191,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/66032191/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-02-28",
     "tid": 7972076,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/7972076/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-03-25",
     "tid": 63653538,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/63653538/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-08-12",
     "tid": 175287248,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/175287248/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-08-14",
     "tid": 180146942,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/180146942/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-09-24",
     "tid": 194134537,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/194134537/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-10-29",
     "tid": 111534520,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/111534520/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-11-11",
     "tid": 199495769,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/199495769/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-01-13",
     "tid": 194228026,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/194228026/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-02-13",
     "tid": 143024473,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/143024473/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-02-20",
     "tid": 105696788,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/105696788/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-04-10",
     "tid": 142328779,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/142328779/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-08-07",
     "tid": 153796975,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/153796975/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-10-16",
     "tid": 198520671,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/198520671/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-10-30",
     "tid": 14537598,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/14537598/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2015-11-27",
     "tid": 81596286,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/81596286/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-01-29",
     "tid": 179230596,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/179230596/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-03-04",
     "tid": 53446453,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/53446453/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-03-30",
     "tid": 132863475,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/132863475/",
     "gist": "Judgment: MoRTH's Good Samaritan guidelines and SOPs given the force of law under Article 141/142, binding on all states until legislation.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-08-12",
     "tid": 157128862,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/157128862/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2017-07-17",
     "tid": 111876711,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/111876711/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 22,
   "first_order": "2014-01-31",
   "latest_order": "2017-07-17"
  },
  {
   "id": "savelife-emergency-care-726-2024",
   "title": "SaveLIFE Foundation v. Union of India (Emergency Care)",
   "case_number": "W.P.(C) 726/2024",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL",
   "status": "pending",
   "filed_year": 2024,
   "themes": [
    "post-crash care",
    "good samaritan",
    "PM RAHAT"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "SaveLIFE's second-generation petition: integrate all emergency helplines into 112, Good Samaritan grievance redressal in every state, and full operationalization of cashless treatment. The May 2026 order turned PM RAHAT rollout into a court-monitored obligation.",
   "latest_development": "26 May 2026 (reportable, Maheshwari J): all states/UTs directed to fully operationalize PM RAHAT within 8 weeks–3 months (hospital designation, SHA on TMS, police on eDAR, DC sub-agency accounts), integrate helplines with 112, run multilingual mass-media campaigns on 112/S.134A/cashless treatment, and file action-taken reports. Non-implementation declared a violation of the MV Act. Listed after four months.",
   "next_listing": "~September 2026 — 'list after four months' per the 26 May 2026 order",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2024-11-06",
     "tid": 135941482,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/135941482/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-12-02",
     "tid": 92967266,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/92967266/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-03-04",
     "tid": 194576063,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/194576063/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-15",
     "tid": 18695853,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/18695853/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-07-15",
     "tid": 106558538,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/106558538/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-08-01",
     "tid": 61823911,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61823911/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-03-10",
     "tid": 8055056,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/8055056/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-04-01",
     "tid": 62752221,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/62752221/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-04-10",
     "tid": 88863585,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/88863585/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-04-30",
     "tid": 85405023,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85405023/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-05-15",
     "tid": 94687154,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/94687154/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-05-18",
     "tid": 154412808,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/154412808/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-05-21",
     "tid": 170763777,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/170763777/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-05-26",
     "tid": 79241526,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/79241526/",
     "gist": "Reportable order: PM RAHAT operationalization within 8 weeks–3 months made a court-monitored obligation on all states/UTs; 112 helpline integration; Good Samaritan grievance systems; mass-media campaigns; ATRs to the Registry; listed after 4 months.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 14,
   "first_order": "2024-11-06",
   "latest_order": "2026-05-26"
  },
  {
   "id": "gohar-mohammed-2022",
   "title": "Gohar Mohammed v. Uttar Pradesh SRTC",
   "case_number": "C.A. 9322/2022 (from SLP(C) 32448/2018); MA 825/2023",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Civil appeal with systemic directions",
   "status": "monitoring",
   "filed_year": 2018,
   "themes": [
    "victim compensation",
    "MACT reform"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "15 Dec 2022 judgment (Nazeer & Maheshwari JJ) issued nationwide directions on the Detailed Accident Report workflow — police/insurer timelines, MACT registration, coordination portal — reshaping how compensation claims begin. Compliance is monitored through MA 825/2023.",
   "latest_development": "On 4 August 2026, the Court ordered renewal of the fixed deposit maturing on 11.08.2026 for three months and listed the matters for 12.08.2026.",
   "next_listing": "12 August 2026 (per order of 2026-08-04)",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2019-01-04",
     "tid": 163368327,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/163368327/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2019-02-07",
     "tid": 185574729,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/185574729/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2019-04-12",
     "tid": 83255405,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/83255405/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2019-08-20",
     "tid": 34842890,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/34842890/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2019-08-23",
     "tid": 154642295,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/154642295/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2020-01-28",
     "tid": 70466437,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/70466437/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2021-10-27",
     "tid": 114980098,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/114980098/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2021-11-17",
     "tid": 51291463,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/51291463/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2022-07-18",
     "tid": 114685923,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/114685923/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2022-07-21",
     "tid": 189376776,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/189376776/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2022-07-27",
     "tid": 95228705,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/95228705/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2022-12-15",
     "tid": 85494539,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85494539/",
     "gist": "Judgment with nationwide DAR directions: police to register and forward Detailed Accident Reports to MACTs within fixed timelines, insurers to respond on liability, states to coordinate through a web portal.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-05-16",
     "tid": 66831709,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/66831709/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-07-10",
     "tid": 96253592,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/96253592/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-08-18",
     "tid": 101127260,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/101127260/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-09-11",
     "tid": 180486740,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/180486740/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-10-03",
     "tid": 178336735,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/178336735/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-10-16",
     "tid": 72767446,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/72767446/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-11-07",
     "tid": 129897480,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/129897480/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-11-20",
     "tid": 152305342,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/152305342/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-12-04",
     "tid": 52339313,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/52339313/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-01-05",
     "tid": 135700514,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/135700514/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-02-16",
     "tid": 89052572,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/89052572/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-04-09",
     "tid": 189929564,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/189929564/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-11-14",
     "tid": 182711381,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/182711381/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-01-20",
     "tid": 14495134,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/14495134/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-02-17",
     "tid": 176042026,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/176042026/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-03-03",
     "tid": 182153895,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/182153895/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-03-24",
     "tid": 37232756,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/37232756/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-04-21",
     "tid": 23731077,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/23731077/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-04-28",
     "tid": 32952347,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/32952347/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-05",
     "tid": 158916451,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/158916451/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-20",
     "tid": 30838714,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/30838714/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-09-23",
     "tid": 178969462,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/178969462/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-10-31",
     "tid": 179039770,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/179039770/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-05-05",
     "tid": 180339553,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/180339553/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-08-04",
     "tid": 79576489,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/79576489/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 37,
   "first_order": "2019-01-04",
   "latest_order": "2026-08-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "k-balu-liquor-2016",
   "title": "State of Tamil Nadu v. K. Balu",
   "case_number": "C.A. 12164/2016",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Appeal with systemic directions",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2016,
   "themes": [
    "drunk driving",
    "highways"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Banned liquor vends within 500m of national and state highways (Dec 2016), relying on National Road Safety Council advice; scope clarified for municipal areas in 2017. The landmark drunk-driving-prevention order.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed; 31 Mar 2017 clarification modified the ban's application.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2016-12-15",
     "tid": 178848612,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/178848612/",
     "gist": "Liquor vends prohibited within 500m of national/state highways; licences not to be renewed after 31 Mar 2017; signage advertising liquor on highways banned.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2017-03-31",
     "tid": 23113316,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/23113316/",
     "gist": "Clarification: distance reduced for smaller municipal areas; implementation modalities settled.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 2,
   "first_order": "2016-12-15",
   "latest_order": "2017-03-31"
  },
  {
   "id": "rambha-devi-lmv-2024",
   "title": "Bajaj Allianz Gen. Insurance v. Rambha Devi (Constitution Bench)",
   "case_number": "C.A. 841/2018",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Constitution Bench reference",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2018,
   "themes": [
    "licensing",
    "insurance"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Five-judge bench (6 Nov 2024) settled whether an LMV licence covers transport vehicles under 7,500 kg — upholding Mukund Dewangan — while recording road-safety concerns about licensing for MoRTH to address through amendments.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed 6 Nov 2024 by Constitution Bench.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2018-05-03",
     "tid": 126491079,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/126491079/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-09-13",
     "tid": 85546224,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85546224/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2023-11-22",
     "tid": 30467242,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/30467242/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2024-11-06",
     "tid": 138121606,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/138121606/",
     "gist": "Constitution Bench: LMV licence holders may drive transport vehicles below 7,500 kg GVW; licensing-regime concerns flagged for MoRTH's pending MV Act amendments.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 4,
   "first_order": "2018-05-03",
   "latest_order": "2024-11-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "gyan-prakash-1272-2019",
   "title": "Gyan Prakash v. Union of India",
   "case_number": "W.P.(C) 1272/2019",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL",
   "status": "pending",
   "filed_year": 2019,
   "themes": [
    "highways",
    "road engineering",
    "institutions"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "National Highway safety PIL built on the Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act 2002 and Highway Administration Rules 2004 — pressing for functioning highway administrations. The Justice Sapre Road Safety Committee reports to the Court through this matter.",
   "latest_development": "21 May 2025 (2025 INSC 753, Oka J): reportable order on highway safety under the 2002 Act; MoRTH directed to file details through the amicus curiae.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2024-08-27",
     "tid": 72007838,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/72007838/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2025-05-21",
     "tid": 85517552,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85517552/",
     "gist": "Reportable order (Oka J) on NH safety under the 2002 Act/2004 Rules — highway administrations, enforcement machinery; MoRTH filings directed via amicus.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 2,
   "first_order": "2024-08-27",
   "latest_order": "2025-05-21"
  },
  {
   "id": "gic-ap-2014",
   "title": "General Insurance Council v. State of A.P.",
   "case_number": "(verify)",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Implementation petition",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2014,
   "themes": [
    "victim compensation",
    "insurance"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Petition to enforce the Rajaseekaran order of 22 Apr 2014 across states — an example of how the master PIL's directions were operationalised through satellite litigation.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed (last order Aug 2016).",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2014-07-14",
     "tid": 118570974,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/118570974/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2014-08-20",
     "tid": 9359642,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/9359642/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2016-08-22",
     "tid": 188009959,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/188009959/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 3,
   "first_order": "2014-07-14",
   "latest_order": "2016-08-22"
  },
  {
   "id": "common-cause-580-2003",
   "title": "Common Cause v. Union of India",
   "case_number": "W.P.(C) 580/2003",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2003,
   "themes": [
    "road engineering",
    "legislation"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Early PIL on deficient road infrastructure and traffic-control devices. Dismissed (11 Apr 2008, Katju J) holding courts cannot direct legislation — the doctrinal gap that Rajaseekaran later filled through continuing mandamus.",
   "latest_development": "Dismissed 11 Apr 2008.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2008-04-11",
     "tid": 1670134,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1670134/",
     "gist": "PIL seeking a Road Traffic Safety Act dismissed: courts cannot direct Parliament to legislate; judgment doubles as a critique of PIL overreach.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "2008-04-11",
   "latest_order": "2008-04-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "avishek-goenka-2012",
   "title": "Avishek Goenka v. Union of India",
   "case_number": "W.P.(C) 265/2011",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2011,
   "themes": [
    "enforcement",
    "vehicle standards"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Banned black films / dark tinted glass on vehicles beyond prescribed visual light transmission (Apr 2012) on road-safety and crime-prevention grounds.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed 27 Apr 2012.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2012-04-27",
     "tid": 181042758,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181042758/",
     "gist": "Black films and tints beyond prescribed VLT banned on all vehicles; police empowered to remove them on the spot.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "2012-04-27",
   "latest_order": "2012-04-27"
  },
  {
   "id": "ajay-canu-1988",
   "title": "Ajay Canu v. Union of India",
   "case_number": "(verify)",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Writ",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 1987,
   "themes": [
    "helmets",
    "enforcement"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Upheld compulsory helmet rules (1988) against constitutional challenge — the foundation for helmet mandates nationwide.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed 29 Aug 1988.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "1988-08-29",
     "tid": 1714467,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1714467/",
     "gist": "Compulsory helmet requirement upheld as a valid road-safety measure, not an unconstitutional restriction on personal liberty.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "1988-08-29",
   "latest_order": "1988-08-29"
  },
  {
   "id": "arrive-safe-2014",
   "title": "State of Haryana v. Arrive Safe Society of Chandigarh",
   "case_number": "SLP(C) 2658/2014",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "SLP (dismissed)",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2014,
   "themes": [
    "drunk driving",
    "highways"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Precursor to K. Balu: SC refused to disturb the P&H High Court's interim orders against Haryana's policy of licensing liquor shops along National Highways, noting the MoRTH Road Safety Cell circular.",
   "latest_development": "SLP dismissed 10 Mar 2014.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2014-03-10",
     "tid": 132469851,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/132469851/",
     "gist": "SLP dismissed: Haryana's highway liquor-licence policy left to High Court scrutiny; MoRTH circular noted approvingly.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "2014-03-10",
   "latest_order": "2014-03-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "parmanand-katara-1989",
   "title": "Pt. Parmanand Katara v. Union of India",
   "case_number": "W.P.(Crl) 270/1988",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 1988,
   "themes": [
    "post-crash care",
    "good samaritan"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "The foundation of post-crash care law in India: every doctor, government or private, must provide immediate emergency treatment to accident victims without waiting for police formalities. Every later Good Samaritan and cashless-treatment direction builds on this.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed 28 Aug 1989; the duty-to-treat principle now underpins S.134A MV Act and PM RAHAT.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "1989-08-28",
     "tid": 498126,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/498126/",
     "gist": "Judgment: the right to life obliges doctors to treat road-accident victims immediately; procedural formalities (police clearance, medico-legal registration) cannot delay emergency care.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "1989-08-28",
   "latest_order": "1989-08-28"
  },
  {
   "id": "paramjit-bhasin-2005",
   "title": "Paramjit Bhasin v. Union of India",
   "case_number": "W.P.(C) 136/2003",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "PIL",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2003,
   "themes": [
    "overloading",
    "enforcement",
    "highways"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "The overloading case: struck at state notifications that let overloaded commercial vehicles ply on payment, holding axle-load limits under the MV Act must be enforced, not monetised — overloading being a major crash and road-damage cause.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed 9 Nov 2005 (Pasayat & Thakker JJ).",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2005-11-09",
     "tid": 1375445,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1375445/",
     "gist": "Judgment on Art. 32: state notifications permitting overloaded vehicles to operate on compounding payments held impermissible; load limits under the MV Act to be strictly enforced.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "2005-11-09",
   "latest_order": "2005-11-09"
  },
  {
   "id": "jai-prakash-mact",
   "title": "Jai Prakash v. National Insurance Co.",
   "case_number": "SLP(C) 11801-11804/2005",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Appeal with systemic directions",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2005,
   "themes": [
    "victim compensation",
    "MACT reform",
    "hit-and-run"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "The pre-Gohar Mohammed reform vehicle: a reportable three-judge order (17 Dec 2009) confronting four systemic MACT failures — uncompensated victims of hit-and-run and uninsured vehicles, delayed claim registration, and police-tribunal coordination — with follow-up orders into 2018.",
   "latest_development": "Disposed; monitoring orders ran through Feb 2018. Its reporting mechanism was later expanded by Gohar Mohammed (2022).",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2009-12-17",
     "tid": 49727603,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/49727603/",
     "gist": "Reportable order (Raveendran, Radhakrishnan, Sharma JJ) addressing four recurring MACT problems, including the ~20% of victims left uncompensated by hit-and-run and uninsured vehicles, and directing procedural fixes.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2017-07-14",
     "tid": 191988517,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/191988517/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2017-11-06",
     "tid": 73448494,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/73448494/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2018-02-07",
     "tid": 152893409,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/152893409/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 4,
   "first_order": "2009-12-17",
   "latest_order": "2018-02-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "shishupal-homemaker-2026",
   "title": "Shishupal @ Shish Ram v. Surjeet",
   "case_number": "C.A. of 2026 (SLP(C) 33915/2025) · 2026 INSC 634",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Appeal with systemic directions",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2025,
   "themes": [
    "victim compensation",
    "MACT reform",
    "homemakers"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "The homemaker-valuation judgment: fixed ₹30,000/month as the floor value of a homemaker's work — a new 'loss of domestic care' head rising 10% cumulatively every three years — recast homemakers as 'Nation Builders', and issued nationwide directions to High Courts and tribunals on clearing decades-old MACT appeals. The family here had waited 25 years.",
   "latest_development": "Decided 11 Jun 2026 (Karol & Kotiswar Singh JJ); judgment circulated to the Registrars General of all High Courts for compliance.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2026-06-11",
     "tid": 158690569,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/158690569/",
     "gist": "Reportable judgment: composite ₹30,000/month 'loss of domestic care' head created (stand-in minimum income for non-earning homemakers; additional to proved income otherwise); chronological oldest-first listing of MACT appeals in all High Courts; tribunals nudged to S.169 summary procedure; Pranay Sethi heads with 10%/3-year enhancement strictly enforced.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "2026-06-11",
   "latest_order": "2026-06-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "right-to-walk-2026",
   "title": "Re: Fundamental Right to Walk and Footpath (Maniyar Iliyaz v. P. Ayyappan)",
   "case_number": "C.A. 4665-4666/2025 · 2026 INSC 647, re-registered as Writ Petition (Civil) No. 844/2026",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Suo motu writ (converted appeal)",
   "status": "pending",
   "filed_year": 2025,
   "themes": [
    "pedestrian safety",
    "footpaths",
    "institutions"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Born from a five-year-old killed walking to school on a road with no footpath or crossing: the Court declared the right to walk a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(d), placed a correlative duty on urban development authorities, municipalities and panchayats to demarcate, build and maintain footpaths, and made breach actionable for restitution and compensation independent of the MV Act. The Court then converted the disposed appeal into a continuing Article 32 matter, impleading MoHUA, MoRD and MoRTH.",
   "latest_development": "3 Aug 2026: heard with amicus M.V. Mukunda and ASG Nataraj on record; the written order only lists the matter on 24.08.2026 — but press reports (LiveLaw, The Hindu) record pointed oral observations from Narasimha J that wherever there is a road there must be demarcated, encroachment-free walkers' space, and that demarcation needs no investment. Nothing was reduced to a written direction yet.",
   "next_listing": "24 August 2026 (per order of 2026-08-03)",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2026-06-19",
     "tid": 111576681,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/111576681/",
     "gist": "Reportable judgment: the right to walk on demarcated footpaths recognised as a facet of Art. 19(1)(d); duty bearers named (urban development authorities, municipal bodies, panchayats); violations remediable through constitutional and legal claims independent of the MV Act; case converted into a continuing Article 32 petition with amicus and ASG assistance.",
     "significance": "major"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-07-27",
     "tid": 111300879,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/111300879/",
     "gist": "First listing of the re-registered petition (W.P.(C) 844/2026, by Court's motion, before Narasimha and Alok Aradhe JJ): Registry to publish the Amicus Curiae's name in the cause list and to send a copy of the writ petition with the 19.06.2026 judgment in C.A. 4665-4666/2025 to ASG K.M. Nataraj forthwith; matter re-listed on 03.08.2026. Procedural — no substantive directions to any government yet.",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-08-03",
     "tid": 67126685,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/67126685/",
     "gist": "Heard by Narasimha and Alok Aradhe JJ with amicus M.V. Mukunda and ASG K.M. Nataraj (with team) on record; the written order says only 'List on 24.08.2026'. Per press reports (LiveLaw, The Hindu), Narasimha J orally told the ASG that wherever there is a road there must be demarcated, encroachment-free space for walkers, and that demarcation requires no investment or reconstruction — observations not yet reduced to a written direction.",
     "significance": "routine"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 3,
   "first_order": "2026-06-19",
   "latest_order": "2026-08-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "nisha-2026",
   "title": "Nisha vs Municipal Council Sangrur",
   "case_number": "Civil Appeal (arising out of SLP(C) No. 4663 of 2026); 2026 INSC 774",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Civil Appeal (from writ petition under Article 226)",
   "status": "disposed",
   "filed_year": 2026,
   "themes": [
    "stray cattle on roads",
    "road safety",
    "compensation mechanism",
    "state liability",
    "municipal duty"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "Para 26 of the judgment makes five suggestions to the Centre and States 'for consideration and implementation' — full implementation of existing cattle laws, a compensation mechanism for bovine-caused road accidents (pedestrian and vehicular), mandatory animal tagging, receipts for owner transfers to shelters, and a nodal officer in every Corporation/Department. They are recommendations, not binding directions with deadlines, but the judgment was ordered circulated to all Chief Secretaries, UT Administrators and State Legal Services Authorities 'for taking appropriate action'.",
   "latest_development": "2026-07-31: Widow of a man fatally injured by a stray bull on a road in Sangrur challenged the High Court Division Bench's refusal of writ relief; the Supreme Court awarded Rs.15 lakh lump sum (expressly not a precedent) and issued systemic suggestions to the Centre and States on stray cattle management and compensation.",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2026-07-31",
     "tid": 84110900,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/84110900/",
     "gist": "Widow of a man fatally injured by a stray bull on a road in Sangrur challenged the High Court Division Bench's refusal of writ relief; the Supreme Court awarded Rs.15 lakh lump sum (expressly not a precedent) and issued systemic suggestions to the Centre and States on stray cattle management and compensation.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 1,
   "first_order": "2026-07-31",
   "latest_order": "2026-07-31"
  },
  {
   "id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "case_number": "Civil Appeal No. 14369 of 2025",
   "court": "Supreme Court of India",
   "case_type": "Civil Appeal (with systemic directions)",
   "status": "monitoring",
   "filed_year": 2025,
   "themes": [
    "uninsured vehicles",
    "third-party insurance mandate",
    "ANPR/e-challan enforcement",
    "IRDA policy structure",
    "MACT delays"
   ],
   "why_it_matters": "The Court mandated a four-layer motor insurance structure, uniform policy wording, extended third-party cover to 4 years (cars) and 6 years (two-wheelers), handheld insurance-verification devices for State Police, and fuel-linked/ANPR pilot projects to curb uninsured vehicles nationwide.",
   "latest_development": "2026-08-04: Arising from an insurance appeal over a comprehensive policy's coverage of the owner-occupant, the Bench (Sanjay Karol, Prashant Kumar Mishra) impleaded IRDA, MoRTH, GIC and 22+ insurers and issued nationwide directions on enforcement of Section 146 MVA, uniform policy structure, consumer option forms, and prompt filing of DARs by State Police; compliance affidavits due 14.08.2026.",
   "next_listing": "18 August 2026, 2 PM — for perusal of compliance affidavits (per judgment of 4 Aug 2026)",
   "orders": [
    {
     "date": "2023-10-13",
     "tid": 46527491,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/46527491/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-07-16",
     "tid": 184970920,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/184970920/",
     "gist": "",
     "significance": "routine"
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-08-04",
     "tid": 134817703,
     "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/",
     "gist": "Arising from an insurance appeal over a comprehensive policy's coverage of the owner-occupant, the Bench (Sanjay Karol, Prashant Kumar Mishra) impleaded IRDA, MoRTH, GIC and 22+ insurers and issued nationwide directions on enforcement of Section 146 MVA, uniform policy structure, consumer option forms, and prompt filing of DARs by State Police; compliance affidavits due 14.08.2026.",
     "significance": "major"
    }
   ],
   "order_count": 3,
   "first_order": "2023-10-13",
   "latest_order": "2026-08-04"
  }
 ],
 "notable_judgments": [
  {
   "tid": 151189997,
   "date": "2026-07-30",
   "title": "Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd vs Om Parkash",
   "gist": "The Supreme Court set aside the High Court's finding that the driver held a valid licence on the accident date, holding the insurer not ultimately liable but applying pay-and-recover; it also suggested MoRTH and States run awareness campaigns, ensure strict compliance and streamline licence issuance/renewal and driving school regulation.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/151189997/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 67856717,
   "date": "2026-07-20",
   "title": "The Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd vs Durg Roadways Private Limited",
   "gist": "Insurer's appeal against being held liable for a Durg-to-Nepal bus accident was dismissed; the Court ruled the 'Limitations as to Use' permit clause provided coverage regardless of location, applied contra proferentem, held non-payment of IMT additional premium immaterial given Section 147(5) MVA's overriding effect, and advised IRDAI to standardise cross-border coverage clauses.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/67856717/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 158690569,
   "date": "2026-06-11",
   "title": "Shishupal @ Shish Ram v. Surjeet",
   "gist": "Created the 'loss of domestic care' head: ₹30,000/month — rising 10% every three years — as the minimum value of a homemaker's work in MACT cases; a stand-in income for non-earning homemakers, additional to proved income for working women.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/158690569/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 145672176,
   "date": "2026-06-11",
   "title": "The Commissioner, Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike vs K.K. Umesh Kumar",
   "gist": "A stationary autorickshaw passenger was injured when a tree branch fell during rain. The Supreme Court held the vehicle played no active role in the accident so a Section 166 MV Act claim may not be appropriate, but under Article 142 enhanced compensation to Rs.25 lakh to avoid further litigation, keeping apportionment undisturbed.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/145672176/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 49053501,
   "date": "2024-12-11",
   "title": "Baby Sakshi Greola v. Manzoor Ahmad Simon",
   "gist": "A seven-year-old struck by a speeding car on a zebra crossing: the Court set aside the High Court's order and enhanced the MACT compensation, insurer to pay within eight weeks — pedestrian priority at crossings, vindicated in compensation law.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/49053501/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 138121606,
   "date": "2024-11-06",
   "title": "Bajaj Allianz v. Rambha Devi (Constitution Bench)",
   "gist": "LMV licence holders may drive transport vehicles under 7,500 kg; licensing-reform concerns flagged to MoRTH.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/138121606/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 85494539,
   "date": "2022-12-15",
   "title": "Gohar Mohammed v. UP SRTC",
   "gist": "Nationwide Detailed Accident Report directions — police and insurer timelines that begin every compensation claim (also a tracked case).",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85494539/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 191389481,
   "date": "2022-02-17",
   "title": "Regional Transport Authority v. Shaju",
   "gist": "Upheld Kerala rule letting RTAs refuse replacement of a permit vehicle with an older one (S.83 MV Act) — vehicle age and road-worthiness as valid safety criteria.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/191389481/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 117494438,
   "date": "2021-11-16",
   "title": "Kurvan Ansari v. Shyam Kishore Murmu",
   "gist": "Raised the notional-income basis for deceased children, criticising states' failure to update compensation schedules.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/117494438/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 106405133,
   "date": "2021-01-05",
   "title": "Kirti v. Oriental Insurance",
   "gist": "Fixed notional income for homemakers and extended future prospects to notional-income cases — recognising unpaid domestic work.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/106405133/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 142302016,
   "date": "2020-06-30",
   "title": "United India Insurance v. Satinder Kaur",
   "gist": "Consolidated the post-Pranay Sethi law on just compensation — income assessment, future prospects and conventional heads.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/142302016/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 180443810,
   "date": "2020-02-05",
   "title": "Kajal v. Jagdish Chand",
   "gist": "A comprehensive framework for compensating a child left with 100% disability — attendant care, future treatment, interest.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/180443810/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 175246407,
   "date": "2018-09-18",
   "title": "Magma General Insurance v. Nanu Ram",
   "gist": "Recognised loss of consortium in its spousal, parental and filial forms as distinct heads of compensation.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/175246407/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 153452910,
   "date": "2018-04-06",
   "title": "Mangla Ram v. Oriental Insurance",
   "gist": "MACT claims are decided on preponderance of probability — strict criminal-trial proof standards do not apply.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/153452910/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 139996215,
   "date": "2017-10-31",
   "title": "National Insurance Co. v. Pranay Sethi (Constitution Bench)",
   "gist": "Settled 'future prospects' additions and conventional heads for just compensation, resolving conflicting benches.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/139996215/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 120470411,
   "date": "2017-07-03",
   "title": "Mukund Dewangan v. Oriental Insurance (3-judge)",
   "gist": "LMV licence holders may drive transport vehicles under 7,500 kg — later affirmed by the Rambha Devi Constitution Bench.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/120470411/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 41625467,
   "date": "2016-12-15",
   "title": "State of Tamil Nadu v. K. Balu",
   "gist": "Liquor vends banned within 500m of highways — drunk-driving prevention as a constitutional road-safety obligation.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/41625467/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 155597603,
   "date": "2015-03-30",
   "title": "State of Punjab v. Saurabh Bakshi",
   "gist": "Deterrent sentencing in rash-driving deaths reiterated, with a call to the legislature to revisit inadequate penalties.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/155597603/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 86908489,
   "date": "2013-04-02",
   "title": "Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan",
   "gist": "Three-judge bench affirming Sarla Verma's multiplier approach — bound the compensation method ahead of Pranay Sethi.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/86908489/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 190237958,
   "date": "2012-08-03",
   "title": "State v. Sanjeev Nanda (BMW hit-and-run)",
   "gist": "Drunk-driving death treated as culpable homicide (S.304 Part II) — a marker for the accountability of intoxicated drivers.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/190237958/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 79026890,
   "date": "2012-01-12",
   "title": "Alister Anthony Pareira v. State of Maharashtra",
   "gist": "Upheld conviction and custodial sentence in the Mumbai drunk-driving pavement deaths case — deterrence in drunk-driving sentencing.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/79026890/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 837924,
   "date": "2009-04-15",
   "title": "Sarla Verma v. Delhi Transport Corporation",
   "gist": "Standardised the multiplier method for motor accident compensation — the arithmetic every MACT in India now uses.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/837924/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 1827019,
   "date": "2004-01-05",
   "title": "National Insurance Co. v. Swaran Singh (3-judge)",
   "gist": "Licence-defect defences narrowed: the insurer must prove a wilful, fundamental breach to escape third-party liability; pay-and-recover preserved.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1827019/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 47966,
   "date": "2002-12-03",
   "title": "Nagappa v. Gurudayal Singh",
   "gist": "Tribunals may award compensation beyond the amount claimed — just compensation is not capped by the pleading.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/47966/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 611175,
   "date": "2000-05-04",
   "title": "Dalbir Singh v. State of Haryana",
   "gist": "Sentencing in S.304A road-death cases: leniency towards rash drivers undermines deterrence — the custodial norm affirmed.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/611175/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 772259,
   "date": "1996-07-17",
   "title": "Sohan Lal Passi v. P. Sesh Reddy",
   "gist": "An insurer escapes liability only for the insured's wilful breach of licence conditions — protecting third-party claimants.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/772259/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 1554972,
   "date": "1996-05-07",
   "title": "U.P. SRTC v. Trilok Chandra",
   "gist": "Recalibrated the multiplier method and capped multipliers — the bridge between Susamma Thomas and Sarla Verma.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1554972/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 1683465,
   "date": "1993-01-06",
   "title": "G.M., Kerala SRTC v. Susamma Thomas",
   "gist": "Established the multiplier method as the governing approach to computing fatal-accident compensation.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1683465/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 712469,
   "date": "1991-07-17",
   "title": "Shivaji Dayanu Patil v. Vatschala Uttam More",
   "gist": "'Arising out of the use of a motor vehicle' read expansively — a tanker explosion hours after the collision remained compensable.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/712469/"
  },
  {
   "tid": 987419,
   "date": "1977-02-09",
   "title": "Manjusri Raha v. B.L. Gupta",
   "gist": "Early three-judge call for realistic, non-conservative compensation in fatal road accidents.",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/987419/"
  }
 ],
 "directions": [
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-2017-policy",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2017-11-30",
   "order_tid": 145033342,
   "directive": "Every State/UT to formulate and notify a State Road Safety Policy (deadline set at 31 Dec 2017); a foundational obligation the Court continues to monitor.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "by 31 Dec 2017",
   "due": "2017-12-31",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "status": "ongoing",
   "historical": true,
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/145033342/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-2017-leadagency",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2017-11-30",
   "order_tid": 145033342,
   "directive": "Every State/UT to establish a dedicated Lead Agency for road safety, licensing and vehicle standards (deadline set at 31 Dec 2017).",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "by 31 Dec 2017",
   "due": "2017-12-31",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "status": "ongoing",
   "historical": true,
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/145033342/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-2017-curriculum",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2017-11-30",
   "order_tid": 145033342,
   "directive": "Incorporate road-safety education into the school curriculum of State Boards (deadline set at 1 Apr 2018).",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "by 1 Apr 2018",
   "due": "2018-04-01",
   "theme": "enforcement",
   "status": "ongoing",
   "historical": true,
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/145033342/"
  },
  {
   "id": "gyanprakash-20250521-enc",
   "case_id": "gyan-prakash-1272-2019",
   "order_date": "2025-05-21",
   "order_tid": 85517552,
   "directive": "Report compliance on clearing National Highway land of encroachments, with a toll-free complaint number and action-taken reports uploaded to a portal.",
   "authority": "Highway Administrations",
   "granted": "2 months",
   "due": "2025-07-21",
   "theme": "highways",
   "case_title": "Gyan Prakash v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85517552/"
  },
  {
   "id": "gyanprakash-20250521-morth",
   "case_id": "gyan-prakash-1272-2019",
   "order_date": "2025-05-21",
   "order_tid": 85517552,
   "directive": "File an affidavit on the grievance-redressal machinery under the Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act 2002, with wide publicity of the mechanism.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "3 months",
   "due": "2025-08-21",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "case_title": "Gyan Prakash v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85517552/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-nrsb-2025",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2025-05-14",
   "order_tid": 166094161,
   "directive": "Constitute the National Road Safety Board under Section 215B of the Motor Vehicles Act (six months granted).",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "6 months",
   "due": "2025-11-14",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "status": "missed",
   "status_note": "13 May 2026 order records the Board was not constituted; a final three-month extension was granted.",
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/166094161/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-e",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "Constitute a District Highway Safety Task Force in every district the National Highway passes through, with the Collector and SP jointly responsible.",
   "authority": "District Magistrates",
   "granted": "15 days",
   "due": "2026-04-28",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-b",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "File a consolidated report on highway inspection teams, encroachments identified/demolished, and Rajmargyatra grievance-module operationalisation with toll-free 1033.",
   "authority": "NHAI",
   "granted": "30 days",
   "due": "2026-05-13",
   "theme": "highways",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-d",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "No department, authority or local body shall grant or renew any licence, NOC or trade approval for a site within a Highway safety zone without prior NHAI/PWD clearance; all such existing licences shall be reviewed.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "30 days",
   "due": "2026-05-13",
   "theme": "highways",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-f",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "Constitute dedicated Highway Surveillance Teams of State Police and Transport Department personnel for regular National Highway patrolling, supplementing NHAI's 24x7 route patrolling vehicles at intervals not exceeding 50 km, all fitted with Vehicle Tracking Devices.",
   "authority": "State Police",
   "granted": "30 days",
   "due": "2026-05-13",
   "theme": "enforcement",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-k",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "Publish a comprehensive list of accident blackspots on National Highways and issue a policy framework mandating high-mast lighting, speed cameras and reflective markings at each.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "45 days",
   "due": "2026-05-28",
   "theme": "road engineering",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-a",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "No heavy or commercial vehicle to park or stop on any National Highway carriageway or paved shoulder except at designated bays; enforced through ATMS real-time alerts, GPS-timestamped evidence and e-challans.",
   "authority": "NHAI",
   "granted": "60 days",
   "due": "2026-06-12",
   "theme": "enforcement",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-c",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "Demolish/remove all new or existing unauthorised dhabas, eateries and structures within the Right of Way of every National Highway.",
   "authority": "District Magistrates",
   "granted": "60 days",
   "due": "2026-06-12",
   "theme": "highways",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-e2",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "State Governments shall issue notifications prohibiting change of land use within 40 metres (residential) and 75 metres (commercial) of the mid-point of any National Highway, consistent with IRC norms; MoRTH to facilitate uniform notifications across all States in the same period.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "60 days",
   "due": "2026-06-12",
   "theme": "road engineering",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-g",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "Operationalise the Advanced Traffic Management System (cameras, speed detectors, message signs, emergency call boxes) across all 4/6-lane highways and file a compliance affidavit certifying each component.",
   "authority": "NHAI",
   "granted": "60 days",
   "due": "2026-06-12",
   "theme": "enforcement",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-h",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "Deploy BLS ambulances and recovery cranes at intervals not exceeding 75 km on every National Highway stretch (Article 21 positive duty of emergency response).",
   "authority": "NHAI",
   "granted": "60 days",
   "due": "2026-06-12",
   "theme": "post-crash care",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-l",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "MoRTH shall place before the Court a report on the constitution of an Inter-State Highway Safety Coordination Committee to standardise enforcement protocols — uniform driving-hour limits, surveillance standards, parking enforcement and penalty regimes — across State boundaries.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "60 days",
   "due": "2026-06-12",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-m",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "File a consolidated district-wise and agency-wise compliance report before the Court on all of the above directions.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "75 days",
   "due": "2026-06-27",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260713-affidavits",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-07-13",
   "order_tid": 121987210,
   "directive": "Defaulting States and Union Territories shall file the compliance affidavits required by the 13 April 2026 directions within two weeks, failing which the Court will direct personal appearance (physical or virtual) of their Chief Secretaries/Administrators and Directors General of Police.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "two weeks",
   "due": "2026-07-27",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "status_note": "Not complied with by the 27 July 2026 deadline: on 17 August 2026 the Court recorded that respondents who had not filed their affidavits shall still file them, and listed the matter for 1 September 2026. No Chief Secretary or DGP was summoned.",
   "compliance_events": [
    {
     "date": "2026-07-13",
     "tid": 121987210,
     "note": "Court records compliance affidavits received from only 3 of 36 States/UTs — Bihar, Karnataka and Puducherry."
    },
    {
     "date": "2026-08-17",
     "tid": 169925262,
     "note": "Court again directed respondents who have not filed affidavits to do so; matter listed for 1 September 2026."
    }
   ],
   "status": "missed",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/121987210/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-nrsb-2026",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2026-05-13",
   "order_tid": 74316463,
   "directive": "Constitute the National Road Safety Board — 'one last opportunity' after the 2025 deadline lapsed; NRSB Rules 2025 already framed.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "3 months",
   "due": "2026-08-13",
   "theme": "institutions",
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/74316463/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-anpr",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "ANPR cameras deployed on highways and roads to be integrated with Insurance Information Bureau (IRDA) and VAHAN portal data for automatic issuance of e-challans to uninsured vehicles, in furtherance of the SOP for Electronic Monitoring and Enforcement of Road Safety.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "enforcement",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-handheld",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "State Police to be supplied with handheld devices or downloadable apps linked to Insurance Information Bureau and VAHAN data, to verify real-time insurance status on the ground and impose challans for violations.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "enforcement",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-fourlayer",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "A four-layer motor insurance structure for private vehicles to be implemented — mandatory third-party base cover, optional occupant/pillion liability cover, optional personal accident cover, and optional own-damage cover — with a 'customer option form' issued at every sale, offline or online.",
   "authority": "IRDA",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "insurance",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-wordings",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "IRDA, in consultation with GIC and the insurance companies, to formulate uniform policy wordings for the optional covers under the four-layer structure.",
   "authority": "IRDA",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "insurance",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-infosheet",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "A consumer-friendly customer information sheet outlining the four-layer structure — who is covered under mandatory and optional covers — made mandatory for every sale of motor-vehicle insurance, offline or online.",
   "authority": "IRDA",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "insurance",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-tpterm",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "Third-party insurance at the time of purchase/registration of new vehicles enhanced from three to four years for new cars and from five to six years for new two-wheelers; IRDA to immediately issue the necessary directions.",
   "authority": "IRDA",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "insurance",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-verifypilot",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "A pilot project to be implemented allowing citizens to verify a vehicle's insurance status, specifying whether the cover is mandatory third-party only or comprehensive, to enable prompt reporting of uninsured vehicles.",
   "authority": "IRDA / MoRTH",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "insurance",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-fuelpilot",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "IRDA, in consultation with MoRTH, to evolve a pilot project linking fuel supply to valid insurance status — uninsured vehicles refused fuel at petrol pumps until insurance is obtained — which may be done through ANPR cameras.",
   "authority": "IRDA / MoRTH",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "enforcement",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-tollpilot",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "MoRTH to implement the pilot projects on certain corridors, substituting the process of stopping at toll plazas with automatic detection of vehicles passing through toll points.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "highways",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-dar",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "State Police to promptly file the Detailed Accident Report, along with FIR, MLC, post-mortem report, insurance policy and permit, before the concerned MACT in pending cases relating to accidents prior to 31.03.2022.",
   "authority": "State Police",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "victim compensation",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nic-20260804-witness",
   "case_id": "national-insurance-company-limited-2026",
   "order_date": "2026-08-04",
   "order_tid": 134817703,
   "directive": "State Police to assist with prompt service and production of relevant witnesses before the concerned MACT to ensure speedy disposal of cases relating to accidents prior to 31.03.2022.",
   "authority": "State Police",
   "granted": "responses by 14 Aug 2026",
   "due": "2026-08-14",
   "theme": "victim compensation",
   "case_title": "National Insurance Company Limited vs Smt. Thungala Dhana Laxmi",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134817703/"
  },
  {
   "id": "savelife-20260526-a",
   "case_id": "savelife-emergency-care-726-2024",
   "order_date": "2026-05-26",
   "order_tid": 79241526,
   "directive": "Integrate all emergency/ambulance helplines (100, 101, 108, 102, 1033, 1091) into helpline 112, with concurrent mass-media publicity, and report compliance.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "3 months",
   "due": "2026-08-26",
   "theme": "post-crash care",
   "case_title": "SaveLIFE Foundation v. Union of India (Emergency Care)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/79241526/"
  },
  {
   "id": "savelife-20260526-b",
   "case_id": "savelife-emergency-care-726-2024",
   "order_date": "2026-05-26",
   "order_tid": 79241526,
   "directive": "Establish functional physical and digital Good Samaritan Grievance Redressal Systems with State- and District-level nodal authorities.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "3 months",
   "due": "2026-08-26",
   "theme": "good samaritan",
   "case_title": "SaveLIFE Foundation v. Union of India (Emergency Care)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/79241526/"
  },
  {
   "id": "savelife-20260526-h",
   "case_id": "savelife-emergency-care-726-2024",
   "order_date": "2026-05-26",
   "order_tid": 79241526,
   "directive": "Fully operationalise the PM RAHAT cashless-treatment scheme — designate hospitals, on-board the State Health Agency to the TMS, deploy police on eDAR — non-implementation declared a violation of the MV Act.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "3 months",
   "due": "2026-08-26",
   "theme": "PM RAHAT",
   "case_title": "SaveLIFE Foundation v. Union of India (Emergency Care)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/79241526/"
  },
  {
   "id": "savelife-20260526-f",
   "case_id": "savelife-emergency-care-726-2024",
   "order_date": "2026-05-26",
   "order_tid": 79241526,
   "directive": "Establish State Trauma Registries covering all medical facilities and link them to a Coordinated Trauma Registry (data format to be issued by MoHFW within 8 weeks).",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "4 months",
   "due": "2026-09-26",
   "theme": "post-crash care",
   "case_title": "SaveLIFE Foundation v. Union of India (Emergency Care)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/79241526/"
  },
  {
   "id": "phalodi-20260413-drone",
   "case_id": "phalodi-smwpc-9-2025",
   "order_date": "2026-04-13",
   "order_tid": 78882038,
   "directive": "Conduct drone-based aerial highway surveys at least twice a year, with six-monthly reports filed before the Court.",
   "authority": "NHAI",
   "granted": "recurring",
   "due": null,
   "theme": "highways",
   "status": "ongoing",
   "case_title": "In Re: Phalodi Accident (Suo Motu)",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78882038/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-2017-fund",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2017-11-30",
   "order_tid": 145033342,
   "directive": "Every State/UT to constitute a dedicated Road Safety Fund; a standing obligation monitored order to order.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "standing (2017 order)",
   "due": null,
   "theme": "institutions",
   "status": "ongoing",
   "historical": true,
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/145033342/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-2017-cell",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2017-11-30",
   "order_tid": 145033342,
   "directive": "Set up a permanent Road Safety Cell in the Ministry and in every State — the Court recorded these had been established and passed no further orders.",
   "authority": "MoRTH",
   "granted": "by 2017 order",
   "due": null,
   "theme": "institutions",
   "status": "complied",
   "status_note": "30 Nov 2017 order records the cells had been set up; no further orders sought on this direction.",
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/145033342/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-2024-hitrun",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2024-01-12",
   "order_tid": 134366340,
   "directive": "Operationalise the hit-and-run compensation scheme under S.161 MV Act — Claims Enquiry Officer to forward a report within one month, compensation within 15 days of sanction, GIC to report annually; a standing scheme obligation the Court monitors.",
   "authority": "States / UTs",
   "granted": "standing scheme",
   "due": null,
   "theme": "victim compensation",
   "status": "ongoing",
   "historical": true,
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/134366340/"
  },
  {
   "id": "rajaseekaran-2018-tpterm",
   "case_id": "rajaseekaran-295-2012",
   "order_date": "2018-07-12",
   "directive": "Third-party insurance mandatorily to be purchased for three years for new cars and five years for new two-wheelers at the time of purchase/registration of new vehicles.",
   "authority": "IRDA",
   "granted": "standing (2018 direction)",
   "due": null,
   "status": "ongoing",
   "status_note": "Superseded on 4 August 2026: the Court enhanced the period to four years (new cars) and six years (new two-wheelers). See the 2026 direction in this ledger.",
   "compliance_events": [
    {
     "date": "2026-08-04",
     "tid": 134817703,
     "note": "The Court recorded that despite eight years having passed since this direction, a large number of vehicles remain uninsured, and enhanced the period by one year."
    }
   ],
   "theme": "insurance",
   "historical": true,
   "case_title": "S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India",
   "link": null
  }
 ],
 "borderline_excluded": [
  {
   "why": "Transport aggregator regulation (bike taxis) — road safety cited but the core issue is platform licensing",
   "cases": [
    "Roppen Transportation v. UoI (2023)",
    "GNCTD v. Roppen (2023)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "why": "Vehicular pollution matter (Delhi), not crash safety — occasional adjacent orders (colour-coded stickers)",
   "cases": [
    "M.C. Mehta v. UoI"
   ]
  },
  {
   "why": "Disposed citing Rajaseekaran as already covering the field",
   "cases": [
    "Anti Corruption Council of India v. MoRTH (2021)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "why": "Driving-licence qualification notifications (Karnataka) — watch; may merit tracking if systemic directions issue",
   "cases": [
    "S.G. Jamaludheen v. State of Karnataka (2025)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "why": "MACT pendency grievance (Orissa) — individual relief but symptomatic; watch",
   "cases": [
    "Minati Dash v. Registrar, Orissa HC (2026)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "why": "Accessibility-rights matter (persons with disabilities) whose directions cover footpaths and pedestrian infrastructure — overlaps the Rajaseekaran pedestrian IA; promote if road-specific directions issue",
   "cases": [
    "Rajive Raturi v. Union of India (2017 order; 2024 judgment)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "why": "Footpath-encroachment and street-vending jurisprudence (livelihood/municipal law, not crash safety) — the backdrop to pedestrian-infrastructure orders",
   "cases": [
    "Olga Tellis (1985) · Sodan Singh (1989) · Gainda Ram · Maharashtra Ekta Hawkers Union · Footpath Vikreta Kalyan Samiti (ongoing)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "new_this_refresh": []
}